Existentialism Is a Humanism Essay Example for Free

Existentialism Is a Hu gentle creationism Es hypothesizeMy purpose present is to defend existentialism against several reproaches that have been laid against it. Existentialism has been criticised for inviting the capital unwashed to remain in a quietism of despair, to fall back into a the middle-class luxury of a merely contemplative philosophy. We ar reproached for underlining charitable nastiness, and forgetting, as the Catholic Mme. Mercier has it, the smile of the child. All and sundry reproach us for treating work force as dislocated beings, largely because we begin with the I think of Descartes. Christians especially reproach us for denying the reality and seriousness of military composition society, since, if we ignore Gods eternal values, no- ace is able to condemn anyone else. Existentialism is being seen as ugliness our appeal to record as s tail assemblydalous, our writings sickening. Yet what could be much disillusioning than repeating those mottoes like don t raise up against tradition, or know your station? They say that man is base and doomed to fall, he needs fixed rules to sustain him from anarchy. In the end, is not what makes our doctrine so fearful to some merely the fact that it leaves all disaster of choice with man?It has become fashionable to refer this painter, or musician or columnist an existentialist a term so loosely applied that it no longer means anything at all. However, it can be defined easily. Existentialists are either Christian, such as the Catholics Jaspers and Gabriel Marcel, or atheists like Heidegger and myself. What they have in common is to believe that existence comes before essence, that we always begin from the subjective. What does this mean? If one considers a manufacture object, say a book or a paper-knife, one sees that it has been made to serve a distinct purpose.It has an essence, the sum of its purpose and qualities, which precedes its existence. The concept of man in the mind of God is co mparable to the concept of paper-knife in the mind of the artisan. My atheist existentialism is rather more coherent. It harbors that God does not exist, yet in that location is alleviate a being in whom existence precedes essence, a being which exists before being defined by any concept, and this being is man or, as Heidegger puts it, benignant reality. That means that man first exists, encounters himself and emerges in the world, to be defined 1 Squashed version edited by Glyn Hughes http//www.btinternet. com/glynhughes/squashed/sartre. htm 1 afterwards. Thus, on that point is no human nature, since there is no God to conceive it. It is man who conceives himself, who propels himself towards existence. Man becomes nothing other than what is genuinely done, not what he give want to be. And when we say that man takes responsibility for himself, we say more than that he is in his choices responsible for all men. All our acts of creating ourselves create at the same time an ima ge of man such as we believe he must be. Thus, our personal responsibility is vast, because it controls all humanity.If I want, say, to espouse and have children, such choice may depend on my situation, my passion, my desire, scarce by it I engage not solitary(prenominal) myself, exclusively all humanity in the way of the monogamy. In fashioning myself, I fashion man. This helps us to understand some rather grandiloquent words like anguish, abandonment, despair. The existentialist declares that man is in anguish, meaning that he who chooses cannot escape a deep responsibility for all humanity. Admittedly, few deal appear to be anxious but we claim that they mask their anguish, that they flee it. This is what Kierkegaard called the anguish of Abraham.You know the emeritus story An angel commanded Abraham to sacrifice his son. precisely anyone in such a case would wonder great away, is this an angel? am I the Abraham? If we hear voices from the sky, what proves that they come not from hell, or the subconscious, or some pathologic state? Who proves that they are addressed to me? Each man must say to himself am I rightfulness to set the standard for all humanity? To deny that is to mask the anguish. When, for instance, a military leader sends men to their deaths, he may have his nines, but at the bottom it is he alone who chooses.And when we speak around abandonment, we want to say that God does not exist, and that it is necessary to follow this conclusion to its end. The existentialist is strongly against that slapdash deterrent exampleity which tries to remove God without ethical expense, like the French professors of the 1880s who saw God as a useless and expensive assumption but still wanted definitive rules like do not lie to exist a priori. The existentialist, on the contrary, finds it rather embarrassing that God does not exist, for there disappears with him any possibility of finding values in a heaven.Dostoevsky wrote If God did not exist, e realthing would be permitted that is the starting point of existentialism. We are alone, without excuses. That is what I mean when I say that man is condemned to be free. There is no power of beautiful passions which propel men to their follow ups, we think, rather, that man is responsible for his deliver passions. The existentialist cannot accept that man can be helped by any sign on earth, for he will 2 attend the sign as he chooses. As Ponge has truly written Man is the future of man.To give you an example of this abandonment, I will quote the case of one of my pupils who came to me. He lived alone with his mother, his father having gone false as a collaborator and his brother killed in 1940. He had a choice to go and fight with the Free French to avenge his brother and protect his nation, or to stay and be his mothers but consolation. So he was confronted by two modes of action one concrete and immediate but directed only towards one single individual the other address ed to an infinitely great end but very ambiguous. What would help him choose? Christian doctrine?Accepted morals? Kant? I said to him, In the end, it is your feelings which count. just now how can we put a value on a feeling? At least, you may say, he sought the counsel of a professor. save, if you seek advice, from a priest for example, in choosing which priest you know already, more or less, what they would advise. When I was imprisoned, I met a rather remarkable man, a Jesuit who had joined that order in the following way As a child, his father had died leaving him in poverty. At instill he was made to feel that he was accepted only for charitys sake and denied the usual pleasures.At eighteen he came to grief in a sentimental affair and then failed his military examinations. He could respectfulness himself as a total failure, but, cleverly, took it as a sign that the religious life was the way for him. He saw the word of God there, but who can doubt that the decision was his and his alone? He could as easily have chosen to be a carpenter or a revolutionary. As for despair, this scarcely means that we will restrict ourselves to relying only on our own will, or on the probabilities which make our action possible.If I am counting on the arrival of a friend, I presuppose that their train will be on time. and I am still among possibilities, outside my own field of action. No God, no intention, is going to alter the world to my will. In the end, Descartes meant the same, that we must act without hope. Marxists have answered Your action is hold in by your death, but you can rely on others to later take up your whole shebang and tend them forward to the revolution. To this I rejoin that I cannot know where the revolution will lead. Others may come and cook Fascism.Does that mean that I must give up myself to quietism? No Quietism is the attitude of people who say permit others do what I cannot do. The doctrine that I present is precisely the opposite th ere is reality only in the action and more, man is nothing other than his own project and exists only in as far as he carries it out. From this we see why our ideas so often cause horror. Many people have but one resource to sustain them in their misery to think, circumstances were against me, I was beseeming of better. I had no great love because I never met anyone worthy of me.I wrote no great book because I 3 had no time. I am filled with a crowd of possibilities greater than anyone could guess from my few achievements. But in reality, for the existentialist, there is no love other than that which is built, no exquisite genius other than in works of art. The genius of Proust is the works of Proust. A man engages in his own life, draws his own portrait, there is nothing more. This is hard for somebody who has not made a success of life. But it is only reality that counts, not dreams, expectations or hopes.What people reproach us for here is not our pessimism, but the sternness of our optimism. If people reproach our writings, it is not because we describe humanity as frail and sometimes honestly bad, but because, unlike Zola whose characters are shown to be products of heredity or environment, you cannot say of ours That is what we are like, no one can do anything about it. The existentialist portrays a coward as one who makes himself a coward by his actions, a hero who makes himself heroic. Some still reproach us for confining man within his individual subjectivity.But there is no other starting-point than the I think, I am the absolute truth of consciousness, a aboveboard truth within reach of everyone and the only theory which gives man the dignity of not being a mere object. All materialisms treat men as objects, no different in their being bundles of primed(p) reactions than a table or a chair or a stone. We want to constitute a human kingdom of values distinct from the material world. Contrary to the philosophy of Descartes, contrary to the philo sophy of Kant, we are discovering in the cogito not just ourselves but all others.We discover an intersubjective world where each man has to fix what he is and what others are. It is not possible to find in each man the universal essence called human nature, but there is a human universality of condition. Any purpose, evening that of the Chinese, or the idiot or the child can be understood by a European, given enough information. In this sense, there is a universality of man but it is not a given, it is something perpetually re-built. That does not entirely repel the charge of subjectivism. People tax us with anarchy they say that you cannot judge others, because you have no savvy to prefer one project to some other.You give with one elapse what you pretend to receive from the other. Let us say that moral choice is comparable to a work of art. Do we reproach the artist who makes a painting without starting from laid-down rules? Did we tell him what he must paint? There is no pre-defined picture, and no-none can say what the painting of tomorrow should be one can judge only one at a time. 4 Amongst morals, the creative situation is the same, and just as the works of, say, Picasso, have consequences, so do our moral judgements.That student who came to me could not appeal to any system for guidance he was obliged to invent the right for himself. We define man only through his engagement, so it is smashed to reproach us for the consequences of a choice. But it is not entirely true that we cannot judge others. We can judge whether choices are founded on truth or error, and we can judge a mans sincerity. The man who hides behind the excuse of his passions or of some deterministic doctrine, is a self-deceiver. And what if I wish to deceive myself? there is no reason why you should not, but I declare publicly that you are doing so.We will freedom for the sake of freedom. And through it we discover that our freedom depends entirely on the freedom of others, and that their freedom depends on ours. Those who hide their freedom behind deterministic excuses, I will call cowards. Those who pretend that their own existence was necessary, I will call scum. To the objection that You receive with one hand what you give with the other, that is, your values are not serious, since you choose them, I answer that, I am sorry, but having removed God the Father, one needs somebody to invent values. Things have to be taken as they are.One has reproached me ridiculing a type of humanism in Nausea, and now suggesting that existentialism is a form of humanism. The absurd type of humanism is to glory in Man the magnificent ascribing to all men the value of the deeds of the most distinguished men. Only a dog or a horse would be in a position to declare such a judgement. We cannot, either, fall into worshipping humanity, for that way leads to Fascism. But there is another humanism, the acceptance that there is only one universe, the universe of human subject ivity. Existentialism is not despair. It declares rather that even if God did exist, it would make no difference. 5.